A shallow seismic reflection survey across the Malpais Valley near San Rafael identified a syncline and an anticline disrupted by a graben in the subsurface. Nearly 200 m of alluvium, present beneath a thin layer of basalt, tills a channel cut into the graben. More than 300 m of displacement occurred. The principal movement occurred between 2.3 my and 0.78 my ago.
Structural geology of the Malpais Valley, San Rafael, New Mexico
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- Kelly, T. E.; Reynolds, Charles B., 1989, Structural geology of the Malpais Valley, San Rafael, New Mexico, in: Southeastern Colorado Plateau, Anderson, Orin J.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Love, David W.; Cather, Steven M., New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook, 40th Field Conference, pp. 119-121. https://doi.org/10.56577/FFC-40.119